The Legacy Of Abraham Lincoln - 1826 Words

Abraham Lincoln’s victory in the 1860 presidential election, was a beacon of hope for many slaves in America. Becoming the 16th president of the United States serving from 1861 to 1865, Abraham Lincoln is one of America’s most celebrated heroes. Holding office during the years of the American Civil War, Lincoln preserved the Union, while creating a new era that consisted of emancipated African American slaves. After winning a victory at the Battle of Antietam on September 17, 1862, he issued the Emancipation Proclamation on January 1, 1863. This Proclamation stated that all slaves behind Confederate lines, shall â€Å"forever be free†, creating an internal insurrection within the Confederacy. It did not apply to the loyal slave states in the Union, so it only freed about 200,00 slaves. Despite the numbers, the Emancipation Proclamation symbolized the possibility of African Americans attaining freedom in America; it was hope for a better life. As Commander in Chie f Lincoln, was only exercising his war powers, in a strategic manner that evidently prevented any support from European super powers like Great Britain. Even though European nations disliked the practice of democracy, Lincoln’s making of the war as a battle against slavery rallied their support because a whole lot of European leaders were abolitionists and antislavery campaigners. After getting reelected to office in 1864, Lincoln understood that to prevent the re-enslavement of African Americans something else wasShow MoreRelatedThe Legacy Of Abraham Lincoln1958 Words   |  8 PagesLeadership and Legacy: Background Research Paper Abraham Lincoln By:Audrey Knight Introduction Great leader and main topic Abraham Lincoln lived in the 1800’s where he accomplished many things in his 54 years of life. He lived in the U.S. through several major events in history and left a legacy that will never be forgotten. As the 16th president of the United States he brought about the emancipation of slavery, preserved the Union during the Civil War, and served the people. His heroic leadershipRead MoreThe Legacy Of Abraham Lincoln933 Words   |  4 PagesSynopsis Regarded as one of the United States of America greatest heroes, Abraham Lincoln is famous for his unique appeal and incredible impact on the nation. He was the United States 16th president. His story is an astounding one rising from a humble background to become the most powerful man the land. However, at the time when his country needed him most, a tragic and sudden death strikes him. He is assassinated. He left a legacy that endured due to his unique humane personality as a leader of the unionRead MoreThe Legacy Of Abraham Lincoln Essay2383 Words   |  10 PagesReport Name Abraham Lincoln paved a path of equality and freedom for slaves and people of the 1800s as well as having a major impact on society and government; Abraham Lincoln s engagement with the public people skyrocketed his career as being a president and a suitable leader to the people of the United States of America. Born on February 12th, 1809 in Hardin County, Kentucky, Abraham Lincoln in his later years would be known as one of the most influential leaders of all time. Abraham Lincoln was bornRead MoreThe Legacy Of Abraham Lincoln1217 Words   |  5 PagesAbraham Lincoln was born in the year 1809 on February 12th in the town of Hardin County, Kentucky to Thomas and Nancy Lincoln. Growing up Lincoln had no proper education, consequently he read books and educated himself. During Lincoln’s young adult years, he worked a various number of jobs as a shopkeeper, surveyor, and a postmaster. In 1832, Lincoln became a captain of the Hawk War against the Native Americans. Shortly after the war was over, he began his political career and was elected to theRead MoreThe Legacy Of Abraham Lincoln1817 Words   |  8 Pagesmore than any of these other men: Abraham Lincoln, the man who freed the slaves. Abraham Lincoln, born February 12, 1809 in Hodgenville, Kentucky, is widely considered to be one of the greatest presidents to have ever been in office. During the course of his presidency, Lincoln not only lead the Union during the Civil War and tried to unify the nation through a harsh time of crisis, conflict, and bloodshed: through his beliefs, his example and his legacy, Lincoln freed the slaves, gave them the rightRead MoreThe Legacy Of Abraham Lincoln Essay2382 Words   |  10 PagesAbraham Lincoln paved a path of equality and freedom for slaves and people of the 1800s as well as having a major impact on society and government; Abraham Lincoln s engagement with the public people skyrocketed his career as being a president and a suitable leader to the people of the United States of America. Born on February 12th, 1809 in Hardin County, Kentucky, Abraham Lincoln in his later years would be known as one of the most influential leaders of all time. Abraham Lincoln was born intoRead MoreLegacy Of Abraham Lincoln s Legacy Essay1582 Words   |  7 PagesLegacy Leader: Abraham Lincoln A legacy leader is someone who has left a positive and lasting impression in society due to his or her leadership qualities and/or traits. Abraham Lincoln is a prime example of a legacy leader due to the leadership traits he displayed throughout his presidency. Abraham Lincoln was the 16th President of the United States. He exhibited great leadership qualities such as integrity, duty, and selfless service. Abraham Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation and hisRead MoreThe Legacy Of Abraham Lincoln1500 Words   |  6 PagesAbraham Lincoln has been studied more than any other in American history. In fact, over 15,000 different books have been written about our 16th president. Throughout the pages of these books, President Lincoln is affectionately referred to by many different names, such as the Railsplitter, Honest Abe, and the Great Emancipator. A vast majority of these written works honor Lincoln as one of our greatest presidents. Not everyone feels that way, however. Charles Adams, in his book, When in the CourseRead MoreThe Legacy Of Abraham Lincoln1292 Words   |  6 PagesAbraham Lincoln has been called the greatest president in all of American history. His principles were dedicated to the survival of the United States during one of the most gruesome and bloody wars in the country s history, the American Civil War. During his presidency, he fought for the emancipation of slaves because he believed the institution of slavery was morally unjust. His ideals, which appealed to the founding principles of the country, energized and mobilized the union and kept it aliveRead MoreThe Legacy Of Abraham Lincoln928 Words   |  4 PagesP. Thomas, Abraham Lincoln: A Biography (Southern Illinois University Press, 2008). †¢ David Herbert Donald, We Are Lincoln Men: Abraham Lincoln and His Friends (Simon Schuster, 2004). †¢ Roy Morris Jr., The Long Pursuit: Abraham Lincoln’s Thirty-Year Struggle with Stephen Douglas for the Heart and Soul of America (Bison Books, 2010). 5. Similar Articles: †¢ Mary Frances Berry, â€Å"Lincoln and Civil Rights for Blacks,† Volume 2, Issue 1, 1980, pp. 46-57 (Journal of The Abraham Lincoln Association)

Langston Hughes and Countee Cullen Perspective on Religion

American Literature II Authors: Langston Hughes and Countee Cullen: Perspective on Religion Susan Glaspell and Charlotte Gilman: Roles of Women W.E.B Du Bois and Booker T Washington: Political View In the 1920s, the somewhat genteel world of American poetry was shaken to its foundations when the Harlem Renaissance started. During those times, all over the United States, there was an outburst of strong black voices, writing with African-American cadences and rhythms. Moreover, during that period, generally different and diverse subject matters and styles subsisted in poetry. Furthermore, the blues and jazz clubs in†¦show more content†¦A similar God bids Cullen to sing. In the end, the poem offers more than the personal perspective of a Black poet. It speaks not just of the Black condition but of the human condition. All humans feel the irony of a life filled with petty cares, with mysteries, with struggle and with death, but a life brimming with the marvel of Gods great deeds, with the excitement of divine inspiration, and with an appreciation for the beauty of a poem well made. Langston Hughes was one of the first black men to express the spirit of blues and jazz into words. An African American Hughes became a well known poet, novelist, journalist, and playwright. Because his father immigrated to Mexico and his mother was often away, Hughes was brought up in Lawrence, Kansas, by his grandmother Mary Langston. Her second husband (Hughess grandfather) was a fierce abolitionist. She helped Hughes to see the cause of social justice. As a lonely child Hughes turned to reading and writing, publishing his first poems while in high school in Cleveland, Ohio. The speaker in The Negro Speaks of River delivers his claims in a cosmic voice that extends throughout all time and space. This voice includes all peoples. Hughes ancestry included three major race groups; he lived as an African-American (Hughes referred to himself as colored or Negro, because he was writing before the term African-American was accepted widely); his parents were African-Americans. But Hughes i nterests farShow MoreRelatedHarlem : A Middle Class White Community999 Words   |  4 Pagesvoices, writers, artists, musicians, scholars and poets who wrote with African-American rhythms broke out all over. And of this remarkable creative outburst, arose the voice of the poet, Langston Hughes. Born in Joplin, Missouri, in 1902 to a mixed-race parents, who divorced at an early stage of marriage, Langston Hughes grew up around the suburbs of Kansas then began to write poetry in high school. His father wanted him to be a mining engineer so he attended Columbia University however, he dropped outRead MoreAfrican Americans : Slavery And Oppression1602 Words   |  7 Pagestroops remained in the South to ensure the slaves newly won freedom. Blacks started their own churches and schools, purchased land, and voted. The challenges facing Black leadership and how could those challenges be addressed through politics, religion, and civic engagement As the plight of African Americans in the South was beginning to worsen, Booker T. Washington, principal of Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute, was invited to speak before a bi-racial audience at the opening of the 1895Read MoreAfrican American Culture in a Modern American Dominant Sociology2841 Words   |  12 Pagesculture that has had and continues to have a profound impact on mainstream American culture. After emancipation, unique African-American traditions continued to flourish as distinctive traditions or radical innovations in music, art, literature, religion, cuisine, and other fields. Twentieth-century sociologists, such as Gunnar Myrdal, believed that African Americans had lost most cultural ties with Africa. Melville Herskovits and others researched using anthropological field and demonstrated that

Winston Churchill Essay - 1455 Words

Winston Churchill Winston Churchill was a man full of principle, courage, and compassion. Nevertheless, it was his excellent leadership skills, his instinct for making beneficial wartime decisions, and motivational speeches, which inevitably lead to the success of Great Britain in World War II. Britain and the world free of Hitler and the Nazis looked to Winston Churchill for leadership. Because of his soldiers training, his historical knowledge, and a statesmans beliefs that had filled his mind for a long time, he considered the burden of leadership to be very light. Many still regard him as the greatest British leader of the last century. Winston Churchill had already demonstrated he had the aptitude for being a leader by†¦show more content†¦Churchill openly opposed this agreement proclaiming, That there has been a gross neglect and deficiency in [Britains] defenses. But still no one listened to Winston Churchill. Finally the rejoicing of peace came quickly to a halt when Nazi troops invaded Prague, Poland in the spring of 1939. It was inescapable that Britain would pay its price for not listening to Churchills warnings. Britain had wasted about five years of valuable time, which could have been used to strengthen Britains Army and arm the Air Force. This price would ultimately be war. Germany invaded Poland on September 1st 1939, and after two days of bombing, Britain, on September 3rd 1939 gave Germany two hours to evacuate its troops from Poland. There was no response, and thus Britain was at war with Germany. As the people as well as the government began to realize the danger of this approaching war they also realized the importance of having a man like Winston Churchill in the cabinet. In the same month as war began, Churchill was once again appointed to the cabinet as First Lord of the Admiralty. Consequently, Churchill did not remain First Lord of the Admiralty for long. When Hitler invaded Britains allies, Norway and Denmark, Prime Minister Chamberlain became defensive saying he could not believe that there [was] anything different [he] could have done†¦ [He]Show MoreRelatedEssay on Winston Churchill1479 Words   |  6 Pages Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Winston Churchill was one of the most influential people in this century. He held many offices, jobs, and positions that greatly affected the life of the British, and the history of the world. In Blenheim Palace at Woodstock on November 30th, 1874, Winston Churchill was born.1 He grew up as the first child of Lord Randolph Churchill.2 Lord Randolph Churchill held a seat as a member of Parliament and was considered a notable politicianRead MoreWinston Churchill Essay1338 Words   |  6 Pagesself-confidence translated well into politics, enhancing his leadership. He is the man who assumes control. He is Winston Churchill. Winston Churchill is widely considered influential to all with whom he graced his presence with. His ability to lead the United Kingdom, enduring the perils of both World War II and the Cold War, go beyond his decorations in the military and literature. Sir Winston Churchill was born into affluence. He was born on the 21,000 acre estate of the Dukes of Marlborough (Churchill1Read More Winston Churchill Essay3505 Words   |  15 PagesWinston Churchill Churchill, Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill was born at Blenheim Palace, his familys ancestral seat in Oxfordshire, on November 30, 1874. He was the older son of Lord Randolph Henry Spencer Churchill, a British statesman who rose to be chancellor of the Exchequer and leader of the House of Commons. His mother was an American, Jennie Jerome, the daughter of a New York financier. Churchill inherited a family tradition of statesmanship that went back to the great EnglishRead MoreBiography of Winston Churchill 1126 Words   |  5 Pagesally, France, stunned the British Empire and threw it into disarray. Through the chaos, Winston Churchill emerged. Churchill would be an inspiring leader who was able to rally the entire nation in times of hardship. Through his leadership, the â€Å"British Bulldog† would face the Axis powers and come out victorious, as well as become a public hero for the British people. Yet, immediately after the war, Churchill did not return to the prime minister seat because of a shocking defea t in his re-electionRead MoreWinston Churchill Character Analysis868 Words   |  4 PagesIt starts off telling us a description of Winston Churchills life and telling us of his accomplishments. One of these is his rise and fall of his life he was a excellent commander and went to a military school when he was young so that he could become a leader of soldiers when he was older. He became a commander but soon lost his position after the battle of GaulipelyRead MoreSynthesis Essay : Winston Churchill1226 Words   |  5 PagesSynthesis Essay – Winston Churchill SMSgt Brian J. Sands Air Force Senior Noncommissioned Officer Academy September 10, 2014 Instructor: MSgt Travis Pyle Winston Churchill Winston Churchill was an influential leader and politician in the government of the Britain from the turn of the 20th century until his death in 1965. He was Prime Minister twice and led his country through the darkest corridors of war in a fight for its very existence. Throughout his tenure he displayed uncommon vision andRead MoreWinston Churchill By John Keegan981 Words   |  4 PagesIn the book Winston Churchill by John Keegan, he tells a story about the life of Winston Churchill and both the small and major events that he goes through and deals with throughout his life. He tells about Churchill’s whole life, from when he was a kid to when he was a teenager all the way through his adulthood. One of the main points that John Keegan focuses on in this book is the leadership and motivation toward victory that Churchill has. The main summary of this book is all worked around theRead More FDR and Winston Churchill Essay2874 Words   |  12 Pagespower, this weight was best owed upon the shoulders of two memorable individuals. By and large Winston Churchill and Franklin D. Roosevelt can be labelled as beacons of democracy and leaders of the free world in their time. Winston Churchill, the son of Lord Randolph Churchill, became an officer in the 4th cavalry in 1894. Between 1895 and 1899 he served in Cuba, India and South Africa as a reporter. Churchill entered politics in 1900 and held many government posts until he was appointed First Lord ofRead MoreLeader Analysis: Winston Churchill2834 Words   |  12 PagesMaryland EMBA program Required by EMBA 656: Leadership and Human Capital Doctor Joyce Russell Leader Analysis: Winston churchill by Alicia Lynch 21 February 2011 Leader Analysis: Winston Churchill Winston Churchill was arguably one of the most significant political leaders in the last century. A soldier, athlete, author, reporter, British politician, and international statesman, Churchill is best known as the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1940-1945. He organized and guided BritishRead MoreSir Winston Churchill Essay1225 Words   |  5 PagesSir Winston Churchill Introduction Few leaders stand out in the history of the twentieth century more than Sir Winston Churchill. Remembered mainly as Great Britains prime minister who led the first successful stand against Adolf Hitlers Nazi Germany, he showed the world the importance of democracy and liberty by leading the battle against fascism and dictatorship. Churchill appeared headed for greatness even at his birth in 1874; his grandfather was the first Duke of Marlborough

Richard Fosters Book, Innovation The Attackers Advantage

Innovation, the ability to change and take risk; is a key attribute to success. No company has become successful by keeping their old ways, or staying to the â€Å"tried and true† (Foster, 1986). No successful business can stay successful regardless of how much money or technology they have, if they do not know how to keep evolving with time. Success isn’t built off one tool; it is built off a variety of tools. This book taught me that one must constantly adapt to the world around you, because it won’t slow down. We live in an ever-changing world. One must be willing and able to change. This book teaches how to be â€Å"unsafe† in the world of business, never stick with one way, never rely on one source of success; be ready to change it and find†¦show more content†¦Foster talks about these mistakes in detail, which I will try to summarize in the next few paragraphs. The first mistake companies make is assuming there is no reason to upgrade, if it ain’t broke, don’t fix it. The second mistake companies make is that they think they will have ample warning about a discontinuity, this is not always true. The book gives a good example, if one can tell one has a fever by placing one’s hand on ones head then one should have been in bed days ago. The third mistake is one should not base all his new ideas on trying to predict what the consumer will want. Consumers don’t always know what they want until they are showed. Customers did not always want disposable paper diapers until PG convinced them they were just as good, if not better. Lastly, know onescompetitors. It is easier to defend an attack when one has paid attention to the potential threats. Most companies don’t realize who their actual competitors are until it’s too late, and usually it’s the smaller companies they over-looked. Foster states u sually 7 out of 10 attacks are successful; therefore 3 attacks may be unsuccessful. What did those defenders do? Foster states that there are three ways a defender can strike back. First is â€Å"leapfrogging†, instead of creating new technology that might be costly, inefficient or inferior technology. They wait for companies to do this for them then they leapfrog ahead.

Bacteriophage and depolymerase Free Essays

Introduction Bacteriophage which is also known as bacteria eater refers to viruses that infect bacteria.Bacteriophages are known to only replicate within host cells and must attach to a specific receptor on the surface of a bacteria cell to initiate infection. The contact between the phage and the receptor is very definite which means that a phage type will only bind to a particular receptor molecule thus all bacteriophage are not alike. We will write a custom essay sample on Bacteriophage and depolymerase or any similar topic only for you Order Now Depolymerase refers to an enzyme that catalyses the breakdown of macromolecules to simpler molecules. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is commonly described as an opportunistic pathogen that causes morbidity and mortality in humans, animals and plants. Due to its exceptionally high metabolic versatility in utilizing numerous organic compounds and its adaptability to various conditions, it can be commonly found in terrestrial soil, fresh water environments and can grow in a variety of low-nutrient conditions. Bacteria and depolymerase are linked together due to the fact that the depolymerase helps the bacteria by breaking down large molecules and making it easier for the bacteria to attach to the host. Figure 1-Diagram of a bacteriophage Background information-basic information on Bacteriophages Bacteriophage are host specific viruses that targets only certain types of bacteria. They are made up of outer protein caspid enclosing a genetic material which could be SSRNA,dsRNA,ssDNA or dsNA.Bacteriophages are very common in places like soil, sewage or reservoirs infected by bacteria hosts. It’s been suggested that bacteriophage might be an effective way to treat bacterial infections but studies showed that they are quickly removed from the body and hence show little clinical value therefore mostly used in the laboratory. Biofilms are made up of bacteria and other microbial cells attached directly to a solid phosphate or indirectly through associated expolysaccharides and other polymetric material. The nature of a biofilm depends on the nature of the attached microorganisms and of polymers which they secrete. The physiological conditions also greatly affect biofilm thickness and physical properties. Large numbers of phages are found in many environments as biofilms. The evidence of the ability of bacteriophage –borne polysaccharide depolymerase enzymes to degrade bacterial polysaccharides have been proved (Adams Park 1956),Phage polysaccharide depolymerase are commonly seen in electron micrographs as spikes attached to the phage baseplate.In a liquid culture,degredation of bacterial capsular material by phage-borne polysaccharide depolymerise occurs in a defined sequence. The phage depolymerise binds to the capsular material which is the secondary receptor and degrades the polymer until it reaches the cell surface where it binds to an outer membrane receptor which is the primary receptor and infects the bacterium.Therefore,bacterial lysis will occur.This however results to a clear area in the lawn of growing cells host cells. The clearing that occurs is called a plaque and each plaque is believed to have originated from the replication events that began with one bacteriophage (virion).When the number of plaque forming units is counted, t he number of virus infectious units present in the original sample can be calculated. This procedure also permits the isolation of pure virus stains. If a plaque originated from a single virion, then all the virons in that plaque should be genetically identical. Some of the virus from the plaque can be picked and inoculated into a fresh bacterial culture inorder to establish a pure virus line (Madigan et al 2007) The purpose of this review is to isolate a bacteriophage capable of infecting a specific host bacterium. The improvement of an environmental sample ie water, for the presence of bacteriophages infecting a particular host can be carried out by inoculating water sample with the host organism and waiting for lysis to occur.Isolating of bacteriophage allows the determination of bacteriophage particles which are capable of initiating productive infections of their host bacterium in the original sample. The use of the selective enrichment in this review is to increase the probability that colonies of the desired organism would be formed. Any type of bacteria strain can be infected by bacteriophage like ecoli, pseudomonas, and salmonella. This study is based on the isolation of a bacteria strain of pseudomonas aeruginosa, not all pseudomonas strains are similar but Variability exists in the growth, curves and antibiotic resistance of different pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates. Different hypothesis have shown that isolates of p.aeruginosa could also possess some differences in their surface molecules and as a result differences in the phage receptors present on their surfaces. Mechanisms by which bacteria Infects host cells are:Adsorption,Sheath Contraction and Nucleic Acid Injection. Different methods are used for the isolation of bacteriophage from water according to different articles. Khan, N. H., Shii, Y., Kimata-Kino, N., Esaki, H., Nishino, T., Nishimura, M., Kogure, K. (2007). stated that bacteria can be isolated by different ways which include: Water sampling- In this process, selective and non selective agar culture were used for to isolate and identify P.aerruginosa and appropriate volumes of water samples are filtered using sterilized plates and Nutrient Broth agar. Identification by BD phoenix system-The phoenix system uses one identification (ID) and AST (antimicrobial susceptibility) combination panel with the ID substrates on one side and the microbial drugs on the other. Serotyping- Sereotyping for O-group specific abntigen was carried out by using P.aeruginosa kit and all isolates were tested for O-goup specific antigens. Purified Gel Electrophoresis-This was used to clarify genetic relatedness among the strains. Wuthiekanun V,Dance DAB,Wattanagon Y,SupputtamonGKOL Y,Chaowagul W and White N.J(1990) isolated pseudomonas using Ashdown’s medium.The use of this KEY WORDS: Bacteriophage, Depolymerase, Biofilm, Pseudomonas, REFERENCES De Groat, A (1927) The bacteriophage: method of isolation: journal of immunology.14:175-179. Khan, N. H., Shii, Y., Kimata-Kino, N., Esaki, H., Nishino, T., Nishimura, M., Kogure, K. (2007). Isolation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from open ocean and comparison with freshwater, clinical, and animal isolates. Microbial Ecology, 53(2), 173-186. doi: 10.1007/s00248-006-9059-3 Kenezevic P, Kostanjsek, R, Obrenht D,and petrovic, O (2009) Isolation of pseudomonas aeruginosa specific phage with broad activity spectra : curr Microbiol :59:173-180 Wuthiekanun V,Dance DAB,Wattanagon Y,SupputtamonGKOL Y,Chaowagul W and White N.J(1990) The use of selective media for the isolation of pseudomonas pseudomallei in clinical practice:journal of medical microbiology Vol 33.121-126 Applied and Environmental Microbiology, April 2000, p. 1416-1422, Vol. 66, No. 4 0099-2240/00/$ Microbiology and immunology online.http://pathmicro.med.sc.edu/mayer/phage.htm http://mic.sgmjournals.org/cgi/reprint/135/10/2569?view=longpmid=2632664 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1365-2672.1998.853541.x/pdf http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9750288?log$=activity http://mic.sgmjournals.org/cgi/reprint/144/11/3039.pdf How to cite Bacteriophage and depolymerase, Essay examples

Psychological Abnormality

Question: Discuss about the Psychological Abnormality. Answer: Introduction: Psychological abnormality is difficult to define in the English language. How to decide who is abnormal or normal behavior? What is the definition of abnormality? In simple terms, an abnormality is an individual's mental condition or behaviour that deviates or does not align with what is considered the appropriate level of functioning in the society and is distressing or harmful to the individual and the surrounding people. Abnormality can be defined in four ways which are the deviation from the social norm, statistical infrequency, failure to function normally, and deviation from ideal mental health (Sue et al. 2015). The essay outlines and evaluates two of the ways of defining abnormality and later explains abnormal psychology on the psychoanalytical model. The first way to define abnormality is deviation from the social norm (Gross 2015). Social norms refer to standards of accepted behavior in the society set by the social group and include expectations and morals about how to think and behave (Bryce 2013). It means that an individual is not behaving according to the societal norms. A particular pattern of behavior is not stated by law but is perceived by the society to be normal and acceptable, and any deviance from a thus pattern is treated as the abnormality. For example, society has set rules for ways of dressing, eating, greeting older adults, opening doors for women, and others. It can be argued that this definition does not consider if a particular behavior of an individual is due to his or her comfort level before labeling him or her as psychologically abnormal. However, in a majority of the cases, it is apparent that the pattern of the behavior that is considered as deviating from the social norms are unlikely to represent men tal illness. However, this way of defining abnormality has several limitations. This definition may vary between cultures (Maddux et al. 2012). For example, hearing voices after the recent death of loved ones may be considered schizophrenia in the western part of the world, whereas in the African-American tribe it is treated as the blessing. Moreover, in a given situation different cultures may behave in different ways. However, social norms changes with time (Harvey et al. 2012), therefore, behavior not accepted in the past may be accepted in the present society. For example, homosexuality was branded as the mental disorder by the American Psychiatric Association until 1973, but they are more accepted in the present society (Butcher et al. 2013). This argument was supported by Gross (2015) who in turn highlighted that this definition fails to differentiate between a person with the persistent mental illness and a criminal. It may happen so that a robber is not abnormal but have a criminal mind. This definition does not also allow for the eccentric behavior commented (Bryce 2013). It is unlikely to consider a person psychologically abnormal for wearing unusual clothingduring leisure time. The second definition is "failure to function adequately." People fail to perform their routine daily activities due to depression or state of anxiety. They may exhibit unpredictable or irrational behavior due to personal distress and hence fail to adopt a healthy lifestyle (McDougall 2015). This definition refers to how an alleged abnormality of a person hampers their ability to continue with their day-to-day existence. People with eating disorder do not follow their natural survival instinct for eating. Therefore, they could be considered as psychologically abnormal. It is indicative of the fact that the individual requires professional assistance. Durand and Barlow (2012) argued that if dysfunction is accompanied with pathological characteristics than it can be considered as the psychological abnormality. This argument is justified because an inability to make good relationships with people may be due to personal loss, or deep sorrow or difficulty to adapt to new situation or plac e may be due to lack of knowledge but not due to mental illness. If this definition were true than all the aboriginal people and ethnic groups would be labeled an abnormal as they highly exhibit stressful behavior due to persistent factors of exploitation, deprivation, and persecution. The drawback of the definition is judging what factors effect and do not affect an individuals ability to function adequately (Eysenck and Wilson 2013). It is good to consider the context of a particular behavior before labeling a person as mentally ill. For example, a hunger strike is discomforting to observers, but it is not an abnormality. It can be argued that this definition is no applicable cross-culturally (Sue et al. 2015). For example, a person may exhibit behavior that may be considered normal in his or her culture but may align with the definition of the abnormality in the western culture. The another drawback of this definition is that labeling an individual as psychologically abnormal may create a long-term stigma. Consequently, the person may adopt the same behavior permanently. Supporting this argument various psychologists comment that there are many people with different types of psychological disorders but are found to look at family, work, adapt to new situations a nd exhibit rationale behavior. The psychodynamic model of abnormality developed by Sigmund Freud explains abnormal behavior as a cause of conflict of forces in mind (Kline 2014). The underlying principle of this model is unresolved conscious conflicts in early childhood creates repressed thoughts and emotions that in turn contribute to the psychological illness. According to this model, the basis of the conflicts organizing the mind is Id, Ego, and Superego which means the unconscious wishes, mechanism of coping and defense, and the conscience. This model includes ideas such as meaningful events affecting the unconscious mind or the idea of the effect of the parent/child relationship on behavior and feelings. Under this model, the main cure for illness is "free association." In this type of treatment, an individual is free to speak anything he or she wants while the psychiatristactively listens to analyze the cause of the trouble. The essay has evaluated two ways of defining psychological abnormality. These definitions although useful, are not fit for cross-cultural applications. It is indeed difficult to define abnormality. The viewpoints of society regarding normality or abnormality will always be viewed against what is acceptable or not acceptable behavior. However; the psychodynamic approach is more acceptable as it is the outcome of centuries of trial and error. References Bryce, J., 2013. DP4334 Psychology A: History and Development of Psychology. Butcher, J.N., Mineka, S. and Hooley, J.M., 2013.Abnormal psychology. New York: Pearson. Durand, V.M. and Barlow, D.H., 2012.Essentials of abnormal psychology. Cengage Learning. Eysenck, H.J. and Wilson, G.D., 2013.The Experimental Study of Freudian Theories (Psychology Revivals). Routledge. Gross, R., 2015.Psychology: The Science of Mind and Behaviour 7th Edition. Hodder Education. Harvey, P.D., Heaton, R.K., Carpenter, W.T., Green, M.F., Gold, J.M. and Schoenbaum, M., 2012. Functional impairment in people with schizophrenia: focus on employability and eligibility for disability compensation.Schizophrenia research,140(1), pp.1-8. Kline, P., 2014.Psychology and Freudian theory: An introduction. Routledge. Maddux, J.E., Gosselin, J.T. and Winstead, B.A., 2012. Conceptions of psychopathology.Psychopathology: Foundations for a contemporary understanding, pp.3-22. McDougall, W., 2015.An outline of abnormal psychology. Routledge. Sue, D., Sue, D.W., Sue, S. and Sue, D.M., 2015.Understanding abnormal behavior. Cengage Learning.